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Massachusetts
Massachusetts has contributed much to American arts and culture. Drawing from its Native American and Yankee roots, along with later immigrant groups, the commonwealth has produced a number of writers, artists, and musicians. A number of major museums and important historical sites are also located there, and events and festivals throughout the year celebrate the state's history and heritage.
Massachusetts was an early center of the
Transcendentalist
movement, which emphasized intuition, emotion, human individuality and a deeper connection with nature.
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|]]]
Ralph Waldo Emerson
, who was from Boston but spent much of his later life in
Concord
, largely created the philosophy with his 1836 work
//Nature//
, and continued to be a key figure in the movement for the remainder of his life. Emerson's friend,
Henry David Thoreau
, who was also involved in Transcendentalism, recorded his year spent alone in a small cabin at nearby
Walden Pond
in the 1854 work
Walden; or, Life in the Woods
.
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[[
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|]]] Other famous authors and poets born or strongly associated with Massachusetts include
Nathaniel Hawthorne
,
John Updike
,
Emily Dickinson
,
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
,
E.E. Cummings
,
Sylvia Plath
, and
Theodor Seuss Geisel
, better known as "Dr. Seuss".
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|]]]
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|]]]
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[[
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|]]] Famous painters from Massachusetts include
Winslow Homer
and
Norman Rockwell
;
[
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[[
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|]]] many of the latter's works are on display at the
Norman Rockwell Museum
in
Stockbridge
.
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|]]]
An outdoor dance performance at
Jacob's Pillow
in
Becket
The commonwealth is also an important center for the performing arts. Both the
Boston Symphony Orchestra
and
Boston Pops Orchestra
are based in Massachusetts.
[
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[[
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|]]] Other orchestras in the commonwealth include the
Cape Cod Symphony Orchestra
in
Barnstable
and the
Springfield Symphony Orchestra
.
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|]]]
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Tanglewood
, in western Massachusetts, is a music venue that is home to both the
Tanglewood Music Festival
and
Tanglewood Jazz Festival
, as well as the summer host for the Boston Symphony Orchestra.
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Jacob's Pillow
in
the Berkshires
hosts a number of traditional and contemporary musical and dance events.
[
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[[
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|]]] Other performing arts and theater organizations in Massachusetts include the
Boston Ballet
,
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[[
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|]]] the
Boston Lyric Opera
,
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[[
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|]]] and the
Lenox
-based
Shakespeare & Company
.
[
195
[[
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-194
|]]] In addition to classical and folk music, Massachusetts has produced musicians and bands spanning a number of contemporary genres, such as the
classic rock
band
Aerosmith
, the
New Wave
band
The Cars
, and the
alternative rock
band
Pixies
.
[
196
[[
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|]]] Film events in the state include the
Boston Film Festival
, the
Boston International Film Festival
, and a number of smaller film festivals in various cities throughout the commonwealth.
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|]]]
USS //Constitution//
fires a salute during its annual Fourth of July turnaround cruise
Massachusetts is home to a large number of museums and historical sites. The
Boston Museum of Fine Arts
, the
Institute of Contemporary Art
and the
DeCordova
contemporary art and sculpture museum in
Lincoln
are all located within the commonwealth,
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[[
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|]]]
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[[
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|]]] and the
Maria Mitchell Association
in
Nantucket
includes several observatories, museums, and an aquarium.
[
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[[
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|]]] Historically themed museums and sites such as the
Springfield Armory National Historic Site
in
Springfield
,
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[[
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|]]] Boston's
Freedom Trail
and nearby
Minute Man National Historical Park
, both of which preserve a number of sites important during the
American Revolution
,
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|]]]
[
201
[[
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|]]] the
Lowell National Historical Park
, which focuses on some of the earliest mills and canals of the
industrial revolution
in the US,
[
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[[
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|]]] the
Black Heritage Trail
in Boston, which includes important African-American and abolitionist sites in Boston,
[
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[[
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|]]] and the
New Bedford Whaling National Historical Park
[
17
[[
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|]]] all showcase various periods of the commonwealth's history.
Plimoth Plantation
and
Old Sturbridge Village
are two
open-air
or "living" museums in Massachusetts, recreating life as it was in the 17th and early 19th centuries, respectively.
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[[
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|]]]
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[[
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|]]] Boston's annual
St. Patrick's Day
parade and "Harborfest", a week-long
Fourth of July
celebration featuring a fireworks display and concert by the Boston Pops as well as a turnaround cruise in Boston Harbor by
USS //Constitution//
,
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[[
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|]]] are popular events. The
New England Summer Nationals
, an
auto show
in Worcester, draws tens of thousands of attendees every year.
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|]]]
[
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]
Media
See also:
List of television stations in Massachusetts
,
List of newspapers in Massachusetts
, and
List of radio stations in Massachusetts
There are two major television media markets located in Massachusetts. The Boston/Manchester market is the fifth largest in the United States.
[
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[[
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|]]] All major networks are represented. The other market surrounds the Springfield area.
WGBH-TV
in Boston is a major public television station and produces national programs such as
//Nova//
,
//Frontline//
, and
American Experience
.
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|]]]
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[[
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|]]]
The Boston Globe
,
Boston Herald
,
Springfield Republican
and the
Worcester Telegram & Gazette
are the commonwealth's largest daily newspapers.
[
210
[[
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|]]] In addition, there are many community dailies and weeklies. There are a number of major
AM
and
FM
stations which serve Massachusetts,
[
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[[
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|]]] along with many more regional and community-based stations. Some colleges and universities also operate campus television and radio stations, and print their own newspapers.
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|]]]
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|]]]
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|]]]
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|]]]
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[
edit
]
Health
See also:
List of hospitals in Massachusetts
,
Massachusetts health care reform
, and
Governorship of Mitt Romney#Health care
Massachusetts generally ranks highly among states in most health and disease prevention categories. In 2009, the United Health Foundation ranked the state as third healthiest overall.
[
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[[
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|]]] However, the study also pointed to several areas in which Massachusetts ranked below average, such as the state's rate of
binge drinking
, which was the 11th highest in the country.
[
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[[
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|]]] Massachusetts has the most doctors per 100,000 residents,
[
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[[
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|]]] the second lowest
infant mortality rate
,
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[[
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|]]] and the lowest percentage of uninsured residents (for both children as well as the total population).
[
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[[
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|]]] According to
Businessweek
, commonwealth residents have an average life expectancy of 78.4 years, the fifth longest in the country.
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[[
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|]]] 37.2% of the population is overweight and 21.7% is obese,
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|]]] and Massachusetts ranks sixth highest in the percentage of residents who are considered neither obese nor overweight (41.1%).
[
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|]]]
The nation's first
Marine Hospital
was erected by federal order in Boston in 1799.
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|]]]
[
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[[
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|]]] The Massachusetts Board of Registration in Medicine lists a total of 132 hospitals in the state.
[
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[[
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|]]] According to rankings by
US News & World Report
,
Massachusetts General Hospital
in Boston is the third best overall hospital in the nation;
[
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[[
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|]]] the hospital also ranked first in
psychiatry
.
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[[
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|]]] Massachusetts General was founded in 1811 and serves as the largest teaching hospital for nearby
Harvard University
.
[
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[[
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|]]] Other teaching and medical institutions affiliated with Harvard include
Brigham and Women's Hospital
,
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
and
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
, among others.
[
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[[
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|]]] Boston is also the location of
New England Baptist Hospital
,
Tufts Medical Center
and
Boston Medical Center
, the latter of which is the primary teaching hospital for
Boston University
.
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[[
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|]]] The
University of Massachusetts Medical School
is located in
Worcester
.
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[[
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|]]] The
Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences
has campuses in both Boston and Worcester.
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|]]]
[
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]
Sports and recreation
[
edit
]
Organized sports
TD Garden
in Boston is home to the
Boston Celtics
of the
NBA
.
The Olympic sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in Western Massachusetts, (in Springfield and Holyoke, respectively.) The
Basketball Hall of Fame
, a shrine to the sport's history, is a major tourist destination in the City of Springfield. The
Volleyball Hall of Fame
is located in Holyoke.
[
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|]]]
Massachusetts has a long history with amateur athletics and professional teams. Most of the major professional teams have won multiple championships in their respective leagues. Massachusetts teams have won six
Stanley Cups
(
Boston Bruins
),
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[[
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|]]] seventeen
NBA Championships
(
Boston Celtics
),
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[[
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|]]] three
Super Bowls
(
New England Patriots
),
[
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[[
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|]]] and eight
World Series
(seven for the
Boston Red Sox
, one for the
Boston Braves
).
[
237
[[
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|]]] The
American Hockey League
, (AHL,) the NHL's development league, is headquartered in Springfield. Other professional sports teams in Massachusetts include the
Springfield Falcons
AHL team, the
Worcester Sharks
AHL team, and the
Springfield Armor
NBA Development League
team.
Massachusetts is also the home of the
Cape Cod Baseball League
, rowing events such as the
Eastern Sprints
on Lake Quinsigamond in Worcester and the
Head of the Charles Regatta
,
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|]]]
[
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[[
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|]]] and the
Boston Marathon
.
[
240
[[
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|]]] A number of major golf events have taken place in Massachusetts, including nine
U.S. Opens
and two
Ryder Cups
, among others.
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|]]]
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[[
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|]]]
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[[
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-242
|]]] The
New England Revolution
is the
Major League Soccer
team in Massachusetts,
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[[
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|]]] and the
Boston Cannons
are the
Major League Lacrosse
team.
[
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[[
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|]]] The
Boston Breakers
are the
Women's Professional Soccer
in Massachusetts.
A gymnastics center called Brestyan's American Gymnastics has also become well known in the last ten years for producing several internationally successful gymnasts like Olympic silver medalist and vault world champion
Alicia Sacramone
, 2011 world champion
Alexandra Raisman
and Canadian National Team member Talia Chiarelli. Both Sacramone and Raisman have become professional athletes thus foregoing their college gymnastics eligibility, which is rather rare in gymnastics. Sacramone competed for the Brown University before deciding to go pro whereas Raisman was expected to join the Florida Gators but instead decided to accept endorsement money and aim for the Olympics 2012.
Many universities in Massachusetts are active in college athletics. There are a number of
NCAA
Division I teams in the state involved in multiple sports:
Boston University
,
Harvard University
,
Boston College
,
Northeastern University
,
College of the Holy Cross
in Worcester, and the
University of Massachusetts at Amherst
.
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|]]]
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|]]]
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[
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]
Outdoor recreation
Long-distance hiking trails in Massachusetts include the
Appalachian Trail
, the
New England National Scenic Trail
, the
Metacomet-Monadnock Trail
, the
Midstate Trail
, and the Bay Circuit Trail.
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|]]]
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[[
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|]]] Other outdoor recreational activities in the commonwealth include sailing and yachting, freshwater and deep-sea fishing,
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|]]]
whale watching
,
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|]]] downhill and cross-country skiing,
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[[
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|]]] and hunting.
Massachusetts was the first state to require municipalities to appoint a teacher or establish a grammar school with the passage of the
Massachusetts Education Law
of 1647,
[
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[[
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|]]] and 19th century reforms pushed by
Horace Mann
, founder of
Westfield State University
, laid much of the groundwork for contemporary universal public education.
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|]]]
[
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[[
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|]]] Massachusetts is home to the country's oldest public elementary school (
The Mather School
, founded in 1639), oldest high school (
Boston Latin School
, founded in 1635),
[
171
[[
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|]]] oldest boarding school (
The Governor's Academy
, founded in 1763), oldest college (
Harvard University
, founded in 1636)
[
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[[
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|]]] and oldest women's college (
Mount Holyoke College
, founded in 1837).
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[[
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|]]] In 1852, Massachusetts became the first state to pass compulsory school attendance laws.
[
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[[
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|]]] The per-student public expenditure for elementary and secondary schools (kindergarten through grade 12) was fifth in the nation in 2004, at $11,681.
[
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[[
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|]]] In 2007, Massachusetts scored highest of all the states in math on the National Assessments of Educational Progress.
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|]]]
Massachusetts is home to 121 institutions of higher education.
[
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[[
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|]]] Harvard University and the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
, both located in
Cambridge
, consistently rank among the world's best universities.
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|]]]
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[[
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|]]]
[
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[[
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|]]] The
University of Massachusetts
(nicknamed
UMass
) features five campuses in the state, with its flagship campus in
Amherst
that enrolls over 25,000 students.
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|]]]
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|]]]
Throughout the m
There are
50 cities and 301 towns
in Massachusetts, grouped into
14 counties
.
[
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[[
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|]]] The fourteen counties, moving roughly from west to east, are
Berkshire
,
Franklin
,
Hampshire
,
Hampden
,
Worcester
,
Middlesex
,
Essex
,
Suffolk
,
Norfolk
,
Bristol
,
Plymouth
,
Barnstable
,
Dukes
, and
Nantucket
. Eleven communities which call themselves "towns" are, by law, cities since they have traded the
town meeting
form of government for a mayor-council or manager-council form.
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|]]]
Boston is the state capital and largest city in Massachusetts. The population of the city proper is 609,023,
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[[
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|]]] and
Greater Boston
, with a population of 4,522,858, is the 10th largest
metropolitan area
in the nation.
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[[
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|]]] Other cities with a population over 100,000 include
Worcester
,
Springfield
,
Lowell
, and
Cambridge
.
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|]]]
Plymouth
is the largest municipality in the state by land area.
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|]]]
Massachusetts, along with the five other
New England
states, features the local governmental structure known as
the New England town
.
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[[
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|]]] In this structure, incorporated towns—as opposed to townships or counties—hold many of the responsibilities and powers of local government.
[
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[[
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|]]] Some of the county governments were abolished by the commonwealth in 1997, and elect only a sheriff and registrar of deed who are part of the state government.
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|]]] Others have been reorganized, and a few still retain county councils
id 20th century, Massachusetts has gradually shifted from a Republican-leaning state to one largely dominated by Democrats; the
1952 victory
of
John F. Kennedy
over incumbent Senator
Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.
is seen as a watershed moment in this transformation. His younger brother
Edward M. Kennedy
held that seat until his death from a brain tumor in 2009.
[
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[[
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|]]] Massachusetts has since gained a reputation as being a politically liberal state and is often used as an archetype of
modern liberalism
, hence the usage of the phrase "
Massachusetts liberal
".
[
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[[
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|]]] Massachusetts routinely votes for the
Democratic Party
, with the core concentrations in the Boston metro area, the Cape and Islands, and Western Massachusetts. Pockets of Republican strength are in the central areas along the I-495 crescent, and low-income communities on the south and north shores.
[
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[[
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|]]] As of the 2006 election, the Republican party holds less than 13% of the seats in both legislative houses of the
General Court
: in the House, the balance is 141 Democratic to 19 Republican, and in the Senate, 35–5.
[
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[[
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|]]] Although
Republicans
held the governor's office continuously from 1991 to 2007, they have been among the more socially liberal Republican leaders in the nation.
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|]]]
[
153
[[
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|]]] In the
2004 election
, Massachusetts gave native son
John Kerry
61.9% of the vote, his best showing in any state.
[
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[[
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|]]] In
2008
, President
Barack Obama
carried the state with 61.8% of the vote.
[
155
[[
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|]]] In a recent statewide election, a
special election in 2010
for the U.S. Senate, saw Republican
Scott Brown
defeat Democrat
Martha Coakley
in an upset, by a 52% to 47% margin.
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|]]]
A number of contemporary national political issues have been influenced by events in the commonwealth, such as the 2003 state Supreme Court decision
allowing same-sex marriage
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[[
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|]]] and
a 2006 bill
which mandated health insurance for all Bay Staters.
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158
[[
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-157
|]]] In 2008, Massachusetts voters passed
an initiative
decriminalizing possession of small amounts of
marijuana
The
Government of Massachusetts
is divided into three branches: Executive, Legislative, and Judicial. The
governor of Massachusetts
heads the executive branch; duties of the governor include signing or vetoing legislation, filling judicial and agency appointments, granting pardons, preparing an annual budget, and commanding the
Massachusetts National Guard
.
[
142
[[
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-MassPol1-141
|]]] Massachusetts governors, unlike those of most other states, are addressed as His/Her Excellency.
[
142
[[
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-MassPol1-141
|]]] The current governor is
Deval Patrick
, a Democrat from
Milton
. The executive branch also includes the Executive Council, which is made up of eight elected councilors and the
Lieutenant Governor
.
[
142
[[
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-MassPol1-141
|]]] Abilities of the Council include confirming gubanatorial appointments and certifying elections.
[
142
[[
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-MassPol1-141
|]]] The
Massachusetts House of Representatives
and
Massachusetts Senate
comprise the legislature of the commonwealth, known as the
Massachusetts General Court
.
[
142
[[
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-MassPol1-141
|]]] The House consists of 160 members while the Senate has 40 members.
[
142
[[
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-MassPol1-141
|]]] Leaders of the House and Senate are chosen by the members of those bodies; the leader of the House is known as the Speaker while the leader of the Senate is known as the President.
[
142
[[
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-MassPol1-141
|]]] Each branch consists of several committees.
[
142
[[
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-MassPol1-141
|]]] Members of both bodies are elected to two-year terms. The Judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Judicial Court, which serves over a number of lower courts.
[
142
[[
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-MassPol1-141
|]]] The Supreme Judicial Court is made up of a chief justice and six associate justices.
[
142
[[
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-MassPol1-141
|]]] Judicial appointments are made by the governor and confirmed by the executive council.
[
142
[[
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-MassPol1-141
|]]]
The Congressional delegation from Massachusetts is almost entirely
Democratic
.
[
143
[[
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-USSenate-142
|]]]
[
144
[[
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-USHouse-143
|]]] Currently, the
U.S. senators
are Democrat
John Kerry
and Republican
Scott Brown
. The ten members of the state's delegation to the
U.S. House of Representatives
(all Democrats) are
John Olver
,
Richard Neal
,
Jim McGovern
,
Barney Frank
,
Niki Tsongas
,
John F. Tierney
,
Ed Markey
,
Mike Capuano
,
Stephen Lynch
, and
Bill Keating
.
[
144
[[
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-USHouse-143
|]]] Federal court cases are heard in the
United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts
, and appeals are heard by the
United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit
.
[
145
[[
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-autogenerated1-144
|]]] In US presidential elections, Massachusetts is allotted 12 votes in the
electoral college
, out of a total of 538.
[
146
[[
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-145
|]]] Like most states, the commonwealth's electoral votes are granted in a winner-take-all system.
[
147
[[
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-146
|]]]
The government of Massachusetts is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The commonwealth has a long political history; earlier political structures included the
Mayflower Compact
of 1620, the separate
Massachusetts Bay
and
Plymouth
colonies, and the combined colonial
Province of Massachusetts
. The
Massachusetts Constitution
was ratified in 1780 while the
Revolutionary War
was in progress, four years after the
Articles of Confederation
was drafted, and eight years before the present
United States Constitution
was ratified on June 21, 1788. Drafted by
John Adams
, the Commonwealth's constitution is one of the oldest functioning written constitutions in continuous effect in the world.
[
140
[[
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-sjc-massgov-139
|]]] In recent decades, Massachusetts politics have been generally dominated by the
Democratic Party
, and the state has a reputation for being one of the most
liberal
in the country. In 1974,
Elaine Noble
became
the first
openly
lesbian
or
gay
candidate elected to a state legislature in US history.
[
141
[[
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-glbtq-140
|]]] The state housed the first openly gay member of the
United States House of Representatives
,
Gerry Studds
Massachusetts was founded and settled by the Puritans in 1628. The descendants of the Puritans belong to many different churches; in the direct line of inheritance are the
Congregational
/
United Church of Christ
, and congregations of
Unitarian Universalist Association
. Most people in Massachusetts were Christians. Some also believed in
predestination
. The headquarters of the
Unitarian Universalist Association
is located on Beacon Hill in Boston.
[
109
[[
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-108
|]]] Today Protestants make up less than 1/4 of the state's population. Roman Catholics now predominate because of massive immigration from primarily Ireland, followed by
Italy
,
Portugal
,
Quebec
, and Latin America. A large Jewish population came to the Boston and Springfield areas 1880–1920.
Mary Baker Eddy
made the Boston Mother Church of
Christian Science
the world headquarters.
Buddhists
,
Pagans
,
Hindus
,
Seventh-day Adventists
, Muslims, and
Mormons
also can be found.
Kripalu Center
in
Stockbridge
, the Shaolin Meditation Temple in Springfield, and the Insight Meditation Center in
Barre
are examples of non-western religious centers in Massachusetts. According to the
Association of Religion Data Archives
the largest single denominations are the Roman Catholic Church with 3,092,296; the
United Church of Christ
with 121,826; and the
Episcopal Church
with 98,963 adherents.
Jewish congregations
had about 275,000 members.
[
110
[[
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-109
|]]]
The religious affiliations of the people of Massachusetts, according to a 2001 survey, are shown below:
[
111
[[
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-110
|]]]
Built in 1681, the
Old Ship Church
in
Hingham
is the oldest church in America in continuous ecclesiastical use.
[
112
[[
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-111
|]]]
Christian – 69%
Catholic – 44%
Protestant denominations – 25%
Non-specific Protestant – 4%
Baptist
– 4%
Congregational
/
United Church of Christ
– 3%
Episcopal
– 3%
Other denominations (2% or less each) – 11%
Jewish – 2%
Muslim – 1%
Other – 7%
No Religion – 16%
Refused to answer – 7%
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Massachusetts has contributed much to American arts and culture. Drawing from its Native American and Yankee roots, along with later immigrant groups, the commonwealth has produced a number of writers, artists, and musicians. A number of major museums and important historical sites are also located there, and events and festivals throughout the year celebrate the state's history and heritage.
Massachusetts was an early center of the Transcendentalist movement, which emphasized intuition, emotion, human individuality and a deeper connection with nature.[68[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-Goldfield254-67|]]] Ralph Waldo Emerson, who was from Boston but spent much of his later life in Concord, largely created the philosophy with his 1836 work //Nature//, and continued to be a key figure in the movement for the remainder of his life. Emerson's friend, Henry David Thoreau, who was also involved in Transcendentalism, recorded his year spent alone in a small cabin at nearby Walden Pond in the 1854 work Walden; or, Life in the Woods.[183[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-182|]]] Other famous authors and poets born or strongly associated with Massachusetts include Nathaniel Hawthorne, John Updike, Emily Dickinson, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, E.E. Cummings, Sylvia Plath, and Theodor Seuss Geisel, better known as "Dr. Seuss".[184[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-183|]]][185[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-184|]]][186[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-MassMisc-185|]]] Famous painters from Massachusetts include Winslow Homer and Norman Rockwell;[186[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-MassMisc-185|]]] many of the latter's works are on display at the Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge.[187[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-186|]]]
An outdoor dance performance at Jacob's Pillow in Becket
The commonwealth is also an important center for the performing arts. Both the Boston Symphony Orchestra and Boston Pops Orchestra are based in Massachusetts.[188[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-BostonArts1-187|]]] Other orchestras in the commonwealth include the Cape Cod Symphony Orchestra in Barnstable and the Springfield Symphony Orchestra.[189[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-188|]]][190[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-189|]]] Tanglewood, in western Massachusetts, is a music venue that is home to both the Tanglewood Music Festival and Tanglewood Jazz Festival, as well as the summer host for the Boston Symphony Orchestra.[191[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-190|]]][192[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-191|]]] Jacob's Pillow in the Berkshires hosts a number of traditional and contemporary musical and dance events.[193[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-192|]]] Other performing arts and theater organizations in Massachusetts include the Boston Ballet,[194[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-193|]]] the Boston Lyric Opera,[188[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-BostonArts1-187|]]] and the Lenox-based Shakespeare & Company.[195[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-194|]]] In addition to classical and folk music, Massachusetts has produced musicians and bands spanning a number of contemporary genres, such as the classic rock band Aerosmith, the New Wave band The Cars, and the alternative rock band Pixies.[196[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-195|]]] Film events in the state include the Boston Film Festival, the Boston International Film Festival, and a number of smaller film festivals in various cities throughout the commonwealth.[197[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-196|]]]
USS //Constitution// fires a salute during its annual Fourth of July turnaround cruise
Massachusetts is home to a large number of museums and historical sites. The Boston Museum of Fine Arts, the Institute of Contemporary Art and the DeCordova contemporary art and sculpture museum in Lincoln are all located within the commonwealth,[198[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-197|]]][199[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-198|]]] and the Maria Mitchell Association in Nantucket includes several observatories, museums, and an aquarium.[200[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-Museums1-199|]]] Historically themed museums and sites such as the Springfield Armory National Historic Site in Springfield,[17[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-NPS1-16|]]] Boston's Freedom Trail and nearby Minute Man National Historical Park, both of which preserve a number of sites important during the American Revolution,[17[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-NPS1-16|]]][201[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-200|]]] the Lowell National Historical Park, which focuses on some of the earliest mills and canals of the industrial revolution in the US,[17[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-NPS1-16|]]] the Black Heritage Trail in Boston, which includes important African-American and abolitionist sites in Boston,[202[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-201|]]] and the New Bedford Whaling National Historical Park[17[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-NPS1-16|]]] all showcase various periods of the commonwealth's history. Plimoth Plantation and Old Sturbridge Village are two open-air or "living" museums in Massachusetts, recreating life as it was in the 17th and early 19th centuries, respectively.[203[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-202|]]][204[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-203|]]] Boston's annual St. Patrick's Day parade and "Harborfest", a week-long Fourth of July celebration featuring a fireworks display and concert by the Boston Pops as well as a turnaround cruise in Boston Harbor by USS //Constitution//,[205[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-204|]]] are popular events. The New England Summer Nationals, an auto show in Worcester, draws tens of thousands of attendees every year.[206[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-205|]]]
[edit] Media
See also: List of television stations in Massachusetts, List of newspapers in Massachusetts, and List of radio stations in MassachusettsThere are two major television media markets located in Massachusetts. The Boston/Manchester market is the fifth largest in the United States.[207[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-Nielson-206|]]] All major networks are represented. The other market surrounds the Springfield area. WGBH-TV in Boston is a major public television station and produces national programs such as //Nova//, //Frontline//, and American Experience.[208[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-207|]]][209[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-208|]]] The Boston Globe, Boston Herald, Springfield Republican and the Worcester Telegram & Gazette are the commonwealth's largest daily newspapers.[210[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-209|]]] In addition, there are many community dailies and weeklies. There are a number of major AM and FM stations which serve Massachusetts,[211[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-210|]]] along with many more regional and community-based stations. Some colleges and universities also operate campus television and radio stations, and print their own newspapers.[212[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-211|]]][213[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-212|]]][214[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-213|]]][215[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-214|]]][216[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-215|]]]
[edit] Health
See also: List of hospitals in Massachusetts, Massachusetts health care reform, and Governorship of Mitt Romney#Health careMassachusetts generally ranks highly among states in most health and disease prevention categories. In 2009, the United Health Foundation ranked the state as third healthiest overall.[217[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-AHR1-216|]]] However, the study also pointed to several areas in which Massachusetts ranked below average, such as the state's rate of binge drinking, which was the 11th highest in the country.[217[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-AHR1-216|]]] Massachusetts has the most doctors per 100,000 residents,[218[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-217|]]] the second lowest infant mortality rate,[219[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-218|]]] and the lowest percentage of uninsured residents (for both children as well as the total population).[220[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-219|]]] According to Businessweek, commonwealth residents have an average life expectancy of 78.4 years, the fifth longest in the country.[221[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-220|]]] 37.2% of the population is overweight and 21.7% is obese,[222[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-CDC1-221|]]] and Massachusetts ranks sixth highest in the percentage of residents who are considered neither obese nor overweight (41.1%).[222[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-CDC1-221|]]]
The nation's first Marine Hospital was erected by federal order in Boston in 1799.[223[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-jama-marinehosp-222|]]][224[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-chelsea-marine-223|]]] The Massachusetts Board of Registration in Medicine lists a total of 132 hospitals in the state.[225[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-224|]]] According to rankings by US News & World Report, Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston is the third best overall hospital in the nation;[226[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-225|]]] the hospital also ranked first in psychiatry.[227[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-226|]]] Massachusetts General was founded in 1811 and serves as the largest teaching hospital for nearby Harvard University.[228[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-227|]]] Other teaching and medical institutions affiliated with Harvard include Brigham and Women's Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, among others.[229[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-228|]]] Boston is also the location of New England Baptist Hospital, Tufts Medical Center and Boston Medical Center, the latter of which is the primary teaching hospital for Boston University.[230[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-229|]]] The University of Massachusetts Medical School is located in Worcester.[231[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-230|]]] The Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences has campuses in both Boston and Worcester.[232[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-231|]]]
[edit] Sports and recreation
[edit] Organized sports
TD Garden in Boston is home to the Boston Celtics of the NBA.
The Olympic sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in Western Massachusetts, (in Springfield and Holyoke, respectively.) The Basketball Hall of Fame, a shrine to the sport's history, is a major tourist destination in the City of Springfield. The Volleyball Hall of Fame is located in Holyoke.[233[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-232|]]]
Massachusetts has a long history with amateur athletics and professional teams. Most of the major professional teams have won multiple championships in their respective leagues. Massachusetts teams have won six Stanley Cups (Boston Bruins),[234[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-233|]]] seventeen NBA Championships (Boston Celtics),[235[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-234|]]] three Super Bowls (New England Patriots),[236[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-235|]]] and eight World Series (seven for the Boston Red Sox, one for the Boston Braves).[237[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-236|]]] The American Hockey League, (AHL,) the NHL's development league, is headquartered in Springfield. Other professional sports teams in Massachusetts include the Springfield Falcons AHL team, the Worcester Sharks AHL team, and the Springfield Armor NBA Development League team.
Massachusetts is also the home of the Cape Cod Baseball League, rowing events such as the Eastern Sprints on Lake Quinsigamond in Worcester and the Head of the Charles Regatta,[238[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-237|]]][239[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-238|]]] and the Boston Marathon.[240[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-239|]]] A number of major golf events have taken place in Massachusetts, including nine U.S. Opens and two Ryder Cups, among others.[241[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-240|]]][242[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-241|]]][243[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-242|]]] The New England Revolution is the Major League Soccer team in Massachusetts,[244[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-243|]]] and the Boston Cannons are the Major League Lacrosse team.[245[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-244|]]] The Boston Breakers are the Women's Professional Soccer in Massachusetts.
A gymnastics center called Brestyan's American Gymnastics has also become well known in the last ten years for producing several internationally successful gymnasts like Olympic silver medalist and vault world champion Alicia Sacramone, 2011 world champion Alexandra Raisman and Canadian National Team member Talia Chiarelli. Both Sacramone and Raisman have become professional athletes thus foregoing their college gymnastics eligibility, which is rather rare in gymnastics. Sacramone competed for the Brown University before deciding to go pro whereas Raisman was expected to join the Florida Gators but instead decided to accept endorsement money and aim for the Olympics 2012.
Many universities in Massachusetts are active in college athletics. There are a number of NCAA Division I teams in the state involved in multiple sports: Boston University, Harvard University, Boston College, Northeastern University, College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, and the University of Massachusetts at Amherst.[246[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-245|]]][247[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-246|]]][248[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-247|]]]
[edit] Outdoor recreation
Long-distance hiking trails in Massachusetts include the Appalachian Trail, the New England National Scenic Trail, the Metacomet-Monadnock Trail, the Midstate Trail, and the Bay Circuit Trail.[249[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-248|]]][250[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-249|]]] Other outdoor recreational activities in the commonwealth include sailing and yachting, freshwater and deep-sea fishing,[251[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-250|]]] whale watching,[252[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-251|]]] downhill and cross-country skiing,[253[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-252|]]] and hunting.Massachusetts was the first state to require municipalities to appoint a teacher or establish a grammar school with the passage of the Massachusetts Education Law of 1647,[168[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-167|]]] and 19th century reforms pushed by Horace Mann, founder of Westfield State University, laid much of the groundwork for contemporary universal public education.[169[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-168|]]][170[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-169|]]] Massachusetts is home to the country's oldest public elementary school (The Mather School, founded in 1639), oldest high school (Boston Latin School, founded in 1635),[171[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-170|]]] oldest boarding school (The Governor's Academy, founded in 1763), oldest college (Harvard University, founded in 1636)[172[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-171|]]] and oldest women's college (Mount Holyoke College, founded in 1837).[173[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-172|]]] In 1852, Massachusetts became the first state to pass compulsory school attendance laws.[174[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-173|]]] The per-student public expenditure for elementary and secondary schools (kindergarten through grade 12) was fifth in the nation in 2004, at $11,681.[175[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-174|]]] In 2007, Massachusetts scored highest of all the states in math on the National Assessments of Educational Progress.[176[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-175|]]]
Massachusetts is home to 121 institutions of higher education.[177[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-Education1-176|]]] Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, both located in Cambridge, consistently rank among the world's best universities.[178[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-177|]]][179[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-178|]]][180[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-179|]]] The University of Massachusetts (nicknamed UMass) features five campuses in the state, with its flagship campus in Amherst that enrolls over 25,000 students.[181[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-180|]]][182[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-181|]]]
Throughout the m
There are 50 cities and 301 towns in Massachusetts, grouped into 14 counties.[160[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-MassCities1-159|]]] The fourteen counties, moving roughly from west to east, are Berkshire, Franklin, Hampshire, Hampden, Worcester, Middlesex, Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, Bristol, Plymouth, Barnstable, Dukes, and Nantucket. Eleven communities which call themselves "towns" are, by law, cities since they have traded the town meeting form of government for a mayor-council or manager-council form.[161[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-160|]]]
Boston is the state capital and largest city in Massachusetts. The population of the city proper is 609,023,[162[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-City_population-161|]]] and Greater Boston, with a population of 4,522,858, is the 10th largest metropolitan area in the nation.[163[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-PopEstCBSA-162|]]] Other cities with a population over 100,000 include Worcester, Springfield, Lowell, and Cambridge.[164[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-2007CityPopEst-163|]]] Plymouth is the largest municipality in the state by land area.[160[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-MassCities1-159|]]]
Massachusetts, along with the five other New England states, features the local governmental structure known as the New England town.[165[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-Sokolow-164|]]] In this structure, incorporated towns—as opposed to townships or counties—hold many of the responsibilities and powers of local government.[165[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-Sokolow-164|]]] Some of the county governments were abolished by the commonwealth in 1997, and elect only a sheriff and registrar of deed who are part of the state government.[166[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-Counties1-165|]]] Others have been reorganized, and a few still retain county councils
id 20th century, Massachusetts has gradually shifted from a Republican-leaning state to one largely dominated by Democrats; the 1952 victory of John F. Kennedy over incumbent Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. is seen as a watershed moment in this transformation. His younger brother Edward M. Kennedy held that seat until his death from a brain tumor in 2009.[148[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-147|]]] Massachusetts has since gained a reputation as being a politically liberal state and is often used as an archetype of modern liberalism, hence the usage of the phrase "Massachusetts liberal".[149[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-148|]]] Massachusetts routinely votes for the Democratic Party, with the core concentrations in the Boston metro area, the Cape and Islands, and Western Massachusetts. Pockets of Republican strength are in the central areas along the I-495 crescent, and low-income communities on the south and north shores.[150[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-149|]]] As of the 2006 election, the Republican party holds less than 13% of the seats in both legislative houses of the General Court: in the House, the balance is 141 Democratic to 19 Republican, and in the Senate, 35–5.[151[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-150|]]] Although Republicans held the governor's office continuously from 1991 to 2007, they have been among the more socially liberal Republican leaders in the nation.[152[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-151|]]][153[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-152|]]] In the 2004 election, Massachusetts gave native son John Kerry 61.9% of the vote, his best showing in any state.[154[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-153|]]] In 2008, President Barack Obama carried the state with 61.8% of the vote.[155[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-154|]]] In a recent statewide election, a special election in 2010 for the U.S. Senate, saw Republican Scott Brown defeat Democrat Martha Coakley in an upset, by a 52% to 47% margin.[156[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-155|]]]
A number of contemporary national political issues have been influenced by events in the commonwealth, such as the 2003 state Supreme Court decision allowing same-sex marriage[157[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-156|]]] and a 2006 bill which mandated health insurance for all Bay Staters.[158[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-157|]]] In 2008, Massachusetts voters passed an initiative decriminalizing possession of small amounts of marijuana
The Government of Massachusetts is divided into three branches: Executive, Legislative, and Judicial. The governor of Massachusetts heads the executive branch; duties of the governor include signing or vetoing legislation, filling judicial and agency appointments, granting pardons, preparing an annual budget, and commanding the Massachusetts National Guard.[142[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-MassPol1-141|]]] Massachusetts governors, unlike those of most other states, are addressed as His/Her Excellency.[142[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-MassPol1-141|]]] The current governor is Deval Patrick, a Democrat from Milton. The executive branch also includes the Executive Council, which is made up of eight elected councilors and the Lieutenant Governor.[142[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-MassPol1-141|]]] Abilities of the Council include confirming gubanatorial appointments and certifying elections.[142[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-MassPol1-141|]]] The Massachusetts House of Representatives and Massachusetts Senate comprise the legislature of the commonwealth, known as the Massachusetts General Court.[142[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-MassPol1-141|]]] The House consists of 160 members while the Senate has 40 members.[142[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-MassPol1-141|]]] Leaders of the House and Senate are chosen by the members of those bodies; the leader of the House is known as the Speaker while the leader of the Senate is known as the President.[142[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-MassPol1-141|]]] Each branch consists of several committees.[142[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-MassPol1-141|]]] Members of both bodies are elected to two-year terms. The Judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Judicial Court, which serves over a number of lower courts.[142[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-MassPol1-141|]]] The Supreme Judicial Court is made up of a chief justice and six associate justices.[142[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-MassPol1-141|]]] Judicial appointments are made by the governor and confirmed by the executive council.[142[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-MassPol1-141|]]]
The Congressional delegation from Massachusetts is almost entirely Democratic.[143[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-USSenate-142|]]][144[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-USHouse-143|]]] Currently, the U.S. senators are Democrat John Kerry and Republican Scott Brown. The ten members of the state's delegation to the U.S. House of Representatives (all Democrats) are John Olver, Richard Neal, Jim McGovern, Barney Frank, Niki Tsongas, John F. Tierney, Ed Markey, Mike Capuano, Stephen Lynch, and Bill Keating.[144[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-USHouse-143|]]] Federal court cases are heard in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, and appeals are heard by the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.[145[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-autogenerated1-144|]]] In US presidential elections, Massachusetts is allotted 12 votes in the electoral college, out of a total of 538.[146[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-145|]]] Like most states, the commonwealth's electoral votes are granted in a winner-take-all system.[147[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-146|]]]
The government of Massachusetts is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The commonwealth has a long political history; earlier political structures included the Mayflower Compact of 1620, the separate Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies, and the combined colonial Province of Massachusetts. The Massachusetts Constitution was ratified in 1780 while the Revolutionary War was in progress, four years after the Articles of Confederation was drafted, and eight years before the present United States Constitution was ratified on June 21, 1788. Drafted by John Adams, the Commonwealth's constitution is one of the oldest functioning written constitutions in continuous effect in the world.[140[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-sjc-massgov-139|]]] In recent decades, Massachusetts politics have been generally dominated by the Democratic Party, and the state has a reputation for being one of the most liberal in the country. In 1974, Elaine Noble became the first openly lesbian or gay candidate elected to a state legislature in US history.[141[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-glbtq-140|]]] The state housed the first openly gay member of the United States House of Representatives, Gerry Studds
Massachusetts was founded and settled by the Puritans in 1628. The descendants of the Puritans belong to many different churches; in the direct line of inheritance are the Congregational/United Church of Christ, and congregations of Unitarian Universalist Association. Most people in Massachusetts were Christians. Some also believed in predestination. The headquarters of the Unitarian Universalist Association is located on Beacon Hill in Boston.[109[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-108|]]] Today Protestants make up less than 1/4 of the state's population. Roman Catholics now predominate because of massive immigration from primarily Ireland, followed by Italy, Portugal, Quebec, and Latin America. A large Jewish population came to the Boston and Springfield areas 1880–1920. Mary Baker Eddy made the Boston Mother Church of Christian Science the world headquarters. Buddhists, Pagans, Hindus, Seventh-day Adventists, Muslims, and Mormons also can be found. Kripalu Center in Stockbridge, the Shaolin Meditation Temple in Springfield, and the Insight Meditation Center in Barre are examples of non-western religious centers in Massachusetts. According to the Association of Religion Data Archives the largest single denominations are the Roman Catholic Church with 3,092,296; the United Church of Christ with 121,826; and the Episcopal Church with 98,963 adherents. Jewish congregations had about 275,000 members.[110[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-109|]]]
The religious affiliations of the people of Massachusetts, according to a 2001 survey, are shown below:[111[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-110|]]]
Built in 1681, the Old Ship Church in Hingham is the oldest church in America in continuous ecclesiastical use.[112[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts#cite_note-111|]]]
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